To manage a property effectively, you must be able to measure its performance with precision. While many beginners focus solely on "how much money did I make this month," professional revenue managers look at a suite of metrics that provide a more granular view of efficiency and profitability. The "North Star" of these metrics is RevPAR, but as we will see, it is only the beginning of the story.

Deep Dive into RevPAR (Revenue Per Available Room)

RevPAR is the industry standard because it forces you to look at your property's performance through the lens of your entire inventory, not just the rooms you managed to sell .

The Two Calculation Methods

There are two primary ways to arrive at your RevPAR, and both offer different insights :

The Revenue/Inventory Method:
- Formula: Total Room Revenue / Total Rooms Available .
- Example: If you have a 10-unit apartment building and you made $1,000 in one night, your RevPAR is $100 ($1,000 / 10). This is true even if only 5 units were occupied at $200 each.
The ADR/Occupancy Method:
- Formula: Average Daily Rate (ADR) x Occupancy Rate .
- Example: Using the same 10-unit building, if your ADR was $200 and your occupancy was 50%, your RevPAR is $100 ($200 x 0.50).

Why RevPAR Matters

RevPAR is a "truth-teller." It prevents you from being blinded by a high daily rate. For instance, if you charge $500 a night but only book one night a month, your ADR is a staggering $500, but your RevPAR is a measly $16.66 ($500 / 30 days). Conversely, if you charge $100 a night and fill the room every single day, your RevPAR is $100. In this scenario, the lower-priced room is actually the superior revenue generator .

Beyond the Room: TRevPAR, ARPAR, and GOPPAR

While RevPAR is excellent for measuring room revenue, modern properties often have multiple income streams. To get a holistic view, we use "Alternative RevPAR" metrics .

TRevPAR (Total Revenue Per Available Room)

TRevPAR includes all revenue earned by the property, including amenities like spas, restaurants, parking fees, or laundry services .

Calculation: Total Revenue / Number of Available Rooms .
Use Case: This is vital for "full-service" properties. If a guest pays $150 for a room but spends another $100 at your on-site cafe, TRevPAR captures that total value, whereas RevPAR would only see the $150 .

ARPAR (Adjusted Revenue Per Available Room)

ARPAR is a more "honest" metric because it starts to factor in the variable costs of actually hosting a guest .

Calculation: (ADR - Variable Costs per Occupied Room + Additional Revenue per Occupied Room) x Occupancy Rate .
Variable Costs: These include cleaning, utilities (water/electricity used by the guest), and guest supplies (toiletries, coffee) .
Why it’s better: ARPAR helps you see if your high occupancy is actually profitable. If your cleaning costs are so high that they eat up most of your ADR, your ARPAR will reveal the struggle that RevPAR hides .

GOPPAR (Gross Operating Profit Per Available Room)

GOPPAR is the "gold standard" for owners because it looks at the bottom line .

Calculation: Gross Operating Profit / Number of Available Rooms .
Insight: GOPPAR accounts for both fixed and variable expenses, including those for rooms that are not occupied . It tells you how much actual profit each room is contributing to the business after all the bills are paid.

The Occupancy vs. Rate Trade-off

One of the most common dilemmas in revenue science is whether to chase a higher rate or higher occupancy.

The High-Rate Strategy: You keep your prices high to maintain a "premium" brand and reduce wear and tear on the property. The risk is a lower occupancy rate and lower RevPAR if the market finds your price too high .
The High-Occupancy Strategy: You lower your prices to ensure the property is always full. The risk is that your variable costs (cleaning, maintenance) might rise so much that your actual profit (GOPPAR) decreases, even if your RevPAR looks good .

Comparison Table: Rate vs. Occupancy Scenarios

Scenario	ADR	Occupancy	RevPAR	Variable Costs	Net Profit (Est)
Premium	$300	40%	$120	Low	High
Balanced	$200	70%	$140	Medium	Very High
Budget	$120	95%	$114	High	Low

As shown in the table, the "Balanced" approach often yields the highest RevPAR. However, the "Premium" approach might actually result in higher net profit if the "Budget" approach's cleaning and maintenance costs are too high.

Step-by-Step Guide: Calculating Your Property's Health

To perform a basic revenue audit of your property, follow these steps:

Gather Data: Total revenue for the month, number of nights booked, and total number of nights the property was available.
Calculate ADR: Divide total revenue by nights booked.
Calculate Occupancy: Divide nights booked by total nights available.
Calculate RevPAR: Multiply ADR by Occupancy.
Benchmark: Compare your RevPAR against the previous month or against similar properties in your area .
Adjust: If RevPAR is down, ask: Is it because my price is too high (low occupancy) or because my price is too low (high occupancy but low revenue)?

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about Metrics

Q: Is a 100% occupancy rate always the goal?
- A: Not necessarily. If you are at 100% occupancy, it often means your prices are too low. You might be able to raise your rates, drop to 90% occupancy, and still have a higher RevPAR with less wear and tear .
Q: Why does RevPAR ignore expenses?
- A: RevPAR is a sales-side metric. It is designed to measure how well you are "selling" your space. To see the "expense" side, you must look at ARPAR or GOPPAR .
Q: Can I compare my RevPAR to a hotel in another city?
- A: It’s difficult. RevPAR is best used as a comparison tool for similar properties in the same market or to track your own performance over time .