Executing a Backdoor Roth IRA is a mechanical process. It is less about "investing" and more about "moving money" through the correct pipes in the correct order. If you follow the steps precisely, you can move money from your checking account into a Roth IRA without triggering a massive tax bill .

Step 1: Open and Fund a Traditional IRA

The first step is to open a Traditional IRA at a brokerage (like Vanguard, Fidelity, or Schwab). Even if you already have a Roth IRA, you must start with a Traditional IRA for this strategy to work .

The Contribution: You deposit cash into the Traditional IRA. For 2025, this is $7,000 (or $8,000 if 50+).
The Designation: This must be a nondeductible contribution. You are not asking for a tax break on this money. You are using "after-tax" dollars from your bank account .
The Holding Tank: When the money enters the Traditional IRA, do not invest it in stocks or mutual funds yet. Keep it in the "settled cash" or "money market" fund. This prevents the balance from fluctuating before you can convert it .

Step 2: Wait for Funds to Settle

You cannot usually convert the money the same second it hits the account. Most brokerages require a "settling period" of 1 to 7 days to ensure the electronic transfer from your bank is cleared .

Why Timing Matters: If the money sits in the Traditional IRA for too long and earns interest (even just a few cents), that interest is taxable when you convert. While a few cents of tax won't ruin your life, it adds complexity to your tax return. Converting as soon as the funds settle is the best practice .

Step 3: Perform the Conversion

Once the funds have settled, you will use your brokerage's website to "Convert to Roth." This is a specific button or menu option. You are telling the brokerage to move the $7,000 from your Traditional IRA into your Roth IRA .

The Destination: If you don't already have a Roth IRA, you will open one during this step.
The Amount: Most experts recommend converting the entire balance of the Traditional IRA. If you contributed $7,000 and it earned $0.50 in interest, convert $7,000.50 .
Tax Withholding: CRITICAL: When the brokerage asks if you want to "withhold taxes" from the conversion, always select NO. You want the full amount to move into the Roth IRA. You will handle any small taxes owed on interest when you file your tax return. If you withhold taxes from the account itself, you are effectively taking an early distribution, which could trigger a 10% penalty if you are under age 59½ .

Step 4: Invest the Money

Now that the money is safely inside the Roth IRA "wrapper," you can finally invest it. Whether you choose index funds, stocks, or target-date funds, all future growth will now be tax-free .

Step 5: Reporting to the IRS (Form 8606)

This is the step most people forget, and it is the most important for staying "safe" with the IRS. When you file your taxes for the year, you must include IRS Form 8606 .

Part I: Tracks your "nondeductible" contributions. This tells the IRS, "I already paid taxes on this $7,000, so don't tax me again."
Part II: Reports the conversion. This shows the IRS that you moved the money from the Traditional IRA to the Roth IRA .

The "Ed Slott" 30-Day Rule

While the law allows you to convert immediately after the funds settle, some tax experts, like Ed Slott, suggest waiting about 30 days between the contribution and the conversion . The reasoning is to ensure the two transactions appear on different monthly statements. This provides a clear "paper trail" to prove to the IRS that these were two distinct steps, rather than a single "sham" transaction. While not strictly required by law, it is a "safety first" approach for those who want to be extra cautious .

Summary Checklist for Execution

Open a Traditional IRA (if you don't have one).
Contribute up to the limit ($7,000 for 2025) as a nondeductible contribution.
Wait for the cash to settle (usually 2-3 business days).
Convert the full balance to your Roth IRA.
Select "No" for tax withholding during the conversion.
Invest the funds once they arrive in the Roth IRA.
File Form 8606 with your annual tax return .